Co-Processor for the Apple II
]PRINT "HELLO (MODERN) WORLD!" HELLO (MODERN) WORLD! ]█
Your Apple II has come a long way: accelerators, storage by the gigabyte, RAM disks, and sharp modern video. The one thing none of it can fix is the modern web, locked behind TLS that no 6502 or 65816 can reasonably run.
CoGS™ is the key. A single slot card that does the impossible parts on the card: TLS, HTTPS, JSON, true random, and hardware hashing, handing your Apple II plaintext. The machine stays in charge of everything else. It is still your Apple. It can just finally talk to the world.
And the network is a disk library
Drop the card in a slot, power on, and its own config ROM comes up. You join Wi-Fi, pick a category, browse a catalog of about 2,416 disk titles right on the machine (Total Replay rides along with 500+ 8-bit titles), and hit Return. Your Apple boots it, streaming over the internet, block by block, with nothing installed and no local storage at all.
From power-on to running essentially any published Apple II app ever written is about one minute: boot, join Wi-Fi, browse, Return, and it RUNS. One card, any Apple II: the same board drops into a slot in the ][+, the //e, or the IIGS. On a IIGS the same card also streams 200+ songs and internet radio through the Ensoniq and shows 700+ box covers and title screens.
Ethernet/Wi-Fi/TLS/SHA‑256/TRNG/Clock/Network disk/Audio/Pictures
Drop it in a slot. That is the whole install.
No OS, no boot disk, no setup software, no SD card to fill. Seat the card, power on, join Wi-Fi once, and the card's own screens put 2,416 disk titles, hundreds of songs, and hundreds of box covers one Return away, on the machine itself. On a ][+, a //e, or a IIGS.
Disk images
Browse by category (games, music & art, education, utilities), by machine, or A to Z. Hit Return and your Apple boots it over the network, block by block, with nothing installed. Total Replay's 519 arcade titles, the 170 MECC products and 980 programs from the What is the Apple IIGS? collection volumes are in the same list, each by name. Point it at your own share for read/write.
How the network disk works →
Audio streaming IIGS
240 tracks on the a2cogs shelves: SoundSmith songs from the demo scene, pop covers, and the holiday shelf play natively through the Ensoniq. PCM tracks, live internet radio, and podcast episodes stream through the card, which transcodes MP3 on the fly. EQ, shuffle, playlists, and background play while you use the desktop.
The player →
Picture viewing IIGS
Press V on any disk and its box art fills the screen: 791 covers in Super Hi-Res, 225 title screens in HGR and double hi-res, all served as the raw bytes the video hardware wants. Browse them by format, mark a few, and run a slideshow.
The viewer →The gap
Already solved on the Apple II
Each upgrade follows one quiet rule: more capable, still itself.
The part still missing
The modern secure internet, in a slot.
Every useful API is HTTPS now: certificate chains, key exchange, X.509 parsing, a handshake state machine — then JSON on top. That is not a “needs more megahertz” problem; it is months of fragile cryptography with no business on a 1 MHz to 2.8 MHz CPU. It has been solved before, and solved well: purpose-built hardware has terminated TLS on the device for vintage machines for years, and offloading the hard cryptography is exactly the right call.
CoGS makes that offload a slot-native co-processor — purpose-built for the Apple II bus, with the speed, low latency, and on-card co-processing only a slot makes possible.
What it does
Every service is a job the host genuinely cannot do, or would be absurd to ask of it. Everything else stays on the Apple II.
Your Apple II talks to real HTTPS APIs directly. The card runs the whole TLS handshake and verifies the certificate; the host only ever sees plaintext.
Desk-verifiedAsk for choices[0].message.content and the card returns just that value out of a whole API response. A 64 KB machine never touches a parser.
Real entropy from hardware silicon. No Apple II ever shipped with a hardware RNG. Now yours has one.
Desk-verifiedSingle and double SHA‑256 in dedicated silicon, for the cost of a few register writes. Checked byte-for-byte against the reference.
Desk-verifiedHand the card a block header once; it grinds nonces locally at roughly 2400× a stock GS and returns the winner. Your GS keeps running the protocol and the UI.
Desk-verifiedWi-Fi out of the box, and a wired RJ45 on the same card. Plug and play. In bridge mode your Apple II gets its own IP and is a real host on the LAN. On the IIGS, Marinetti software runs unchanged over the CoGS link layer. On 8-bit machines the IP65 stack runs over the card too, in programs built with the CoGS driver; a binary built for the Uthernet does not see CoGS. Co-processing sits behind both, carrying your Apple into the 21st century.
Bridge verified on real hardwareThe card-injected CDA is also a player. Browse the a2cogs catalog by shelf, play SoundSmith songs natively through the Ensoniq (Tool219), stream PCM tracks, internet radio, and podcasts through Tool226, built on Petar Puskarich’s Tool225 (used with permission), set EQ, and leave it playing in the background. The card transcodes MP3 to the PCM the GS wants.
240 tracks · 12,000+ stations · 800 podcastsPress V on a disk and its box art fills the screen. The card streams the raw Super Hi-Res, HGR, or double hi-res bytes and the CDA blits them straight into video memory: no decoder on the host, no files on a disk. 1,016 covers and title screens, browsable by format, with a marked-picture slideshow.
New in firmware 0.181+Give the card a link to a disk image — on your own network or anywhere on the internet — and the Apple II sees a real drive: it boots from it, reads it, and writes it back. No driver installed on the host, nothing on a local card. The card speaks SmartPort and ProDOS block right out of ROM.
Streaming on real hardwareThe card runs NTP for secure time anyway, so it can set your machine's clock. For everyone whose No-Slot Clock battery died decades ago.
Time syncedThe card reports its own health: on-chip temperature, the slot's +5V rail (a free read on your host power supply), uptime, a unique serial, and why it last booted. It answers even with Wi-Fi down, and shows up live in the desktop control panels.
WorkingAbout / Update checks a2cogs.com right from the machine, lists releases with dates and build notes, and the card downloads, verifies, and flashes the one you pick. No cable, no other computer, ever.
New in firmware 0.73+Native to the machine
Hardware is only half of it. CoGS is built to disappear into the Apple II you already know — configured from the desktop, and wired into the network stack the community already uses.
Set up and watch the card right from the machine, no serial cable and no guesswork. One on-card configuration, three faces, so a change in one shows up in the others — in whichever place suits the moment:
A native link-layer driver so the whole Marinetti TCP/IP ecosystem runs over CoGS. In bridge mode the GS gets its own IP and is a first-class host on your LAN (you can ping it from your Mac), so existing Marinetti apps — mail, web, IRC — run unchanged. Verified on real hardware, with a NAT mode for networks that need it.
A slot is a slot. The same card on the same open A2Pico carrier runs in the ][+, the //e, and the IIGS. And the config ROM means the 8-bit machines get the full experience with nothing installed: power on a //e, join Wi-Fi, pick Play a game, and boot any of 527 8-bit games streaming over the network, Total Replay's 519 arcade titles among them, or one of 170 MECC classics (Oregon Trail included) straight off the MECC menu volume, one Return away. The cc65 / ProDOS 8 client covers the co-processor services (DNS, TCP, and a TLS 1.2 HTTPS handshake on the card) for software that wants them.
Audio on the IIGS
Open Browse Audio and the card asks what you want to hear: 94 SoundSmith songs off the old BBS and hard-drive shelves, 33 demo-scene tracks (the FTA catalog among them), 43 pop covers, the holiday shelf, and 59 PCM tracks, 240 in all, plus internet radio and podcasts: 12,000 live stations from Radio Browser, by genre, by country, most played, or by name, and 800 podcast shows with their episode lists. SoundSmith plays natively through the Ensoniq with Tool219. PCM, radio, and podcasts stream through the card into Tool226, based on Petar Puskarich’s Tool225 (baked on the card, used with permission); the card transcodes MP3 to the unsigned 8-bit 21973 Hz PCM the chip wants, stereo as planar L/R blocks.
Every list shows the type (DOC or PCM), the length, and S for stereo. Mark tracks for a playlist, shuffle a shelf, set the EQ, and press B to keep playing while you go back to the desktop. Tested on stock ROM 1 and ROM 3 machines and with the TransWarp GS and AppleSqueezer accelerators (a timing issue in PCM playback on AppleSqueezer systems is being worked on). Your own tracks play the same way from a CoGS Image and Audio Manager share on the LAN.
Pictures on the IIGS
Every disk with a V in Browse Disks has its art one key away: 791 box covers (the What is the Apple IIGS? collection and Total Replay's own) and 225 title screens, 1,016 pictures in all. Browse Pictures sorts the shelf by kind and by format: 864 in 320x200 Super Hi-Res, 144 in HGR, 8 in double hi-res. Mark a few and run a slideshow.
The card serves each picture as the raw bytes the video hardware wants, and the CDA streams them straight into screen memory: no decoder, no disk, no file on the GS. The covers below are decoded from those same bytes, so this is what the monitor shows.
GS box art courtesy of whatisthe2gs.com; 8-bit box art and title screens from Total Replay. The same three decoders run in the browser version of Browse Disks: press V there too.
Firmware 0.181 SHR · 0.203 HGR · 0.204 DHGR · 0.210 Browse Pictures hubTwo players, two machines, anywhere
A small lobby at lobby.a2cogs.com pairs two players of the same game and relays their moves, so two Apple II owners with a CoGS card can play each other head to head from anywhere. Type a name and it seats you against whoever is waiting, or against a friend if you both enter the same room code. Both machines run the full game from a shared seed and only the moves cross the wire. The card does the HTTPS; nothing is installed on the machine, and there are no accounts.
Doom is on it. Webifi’s Doom for the IIGS gained a Network Game row in its own menu: pick deathmatch or cooperative, a skill and a map, type a name, and the lobby seats you against whoever is waiting. Every tic of both players’ controls crosses the card over one open connection, and both machines run the same game in step. Stream it from Browse Disks as Doom CoGS Deathmatch (needs an accelerated IIGS and firmware 1.36). The second player and the network are open source at github.com/rperissi/iigs-doom.
Played between a ROM 01 IIGS with an AppleSqueezer and a ROM 3 with a TransWarp GS, and each against the emulator. Frags and wins go on the lobby leaderboard at lobby.a2cogs.com/top?g=doom.
The first game on it was Ken Franklin’s Milestones 2000, the 1990 Mille Bornes card game for the IIGS, with a second human player added inside Ken’s original Pascal source. Your opponent’s name shows in the game, and rally wins and best scores go on the lobby leaderboard. Stream it from Browse Disks as Milestones 2000 Network Version. Network play needs CoGS firmware 1.34 or later, which arrives over the air like every update.
The lobby does not know the rules of any game. It is plain HTTPS with flat JSON replies a card reads with one JSON_GET, built so a ProDOS 8 program in 6502 assembly can use it, so card games, board games, word games and turn-based strategy on any Apple II fit. Everything a developer needs to add network play to a game is public at github.com/rperissi/cogs-gameroom: the lobby contract, the card protocol a client needs, a porting guide, the Milestones network layer as the worked example, a Python test opponent, and instructions for AI coding assistants.
Game Room lobby v0.1 · Firmware 1.34 and later, Doom 1.36 · Milestones 2000 Network Version · Doom CoGS Deathmatch · turn-based and real-time tiersPlug in and go
CoGS does not just fetch data — it serves whole disks. Give it a link to a disk image, on your own network or anywhere on the internet, and your Apple sees a real drive: it boots from it, runs from it, and writes back to it, with nothing installed on the machine.
That makes CoGS the first true plug-and-play Apple II experience. Seat the card, power on, and you are browsing and booting a 2,416-title library with no OS, no boot disk, no setup software, and nothing to configure beyond your Wi-Fi password. From power-on to running is literally about one minute: boot, join Wi-Fi, browse, hit Return, and essentially every published Apple II app ever written is yours to run, streaming over Wi-Fi. For the daily workflow, share a folder of images off your Mac and the card mounts it read/write over the LAN. The days of shuffling floppies, burning CF cards, and clunky transfer utilities are over.
The card answers SmartPort and ProDOS block calls straight out of its ROM, so the drive is there the moment the machine powers on — the trick the community loves from cards like the CFFA, now coming off the network instead of a local chip. That link can point at a folder shared off your own Mac or at a file out on the web: the card does DNS, TCP, and TLS itself, so an https:// URL mounts exactly like a LAN one. You browse and mount images from the desktop, and the host never knows the disk lives on a server.
No OS, no boot disk, no setup software. The card carries its own config ROM: power the machine on and it comes up in a menu where you join Wi-Fi, check the network, browse the disk index, and pick what to boot. Everything in these screens is running from the card's ROM on a machine with empty drive bays.
The card looks after itself, and shows its work on the Apple's own screen. Network Tools in the ROM run DNS lookup, ping, traceroute, TCP port checks, a one-key connectivity self-test, and a WAN-to-card speed test, all executed on the card. And About / Update fetches the release list from a2cogs.com so the card can download, verify, and flash new firmware right from the machine. No cable, no other computer, ever.
The card ships pointed at the index at a2cogs.com: 2,416 titles, boot tested, searchable and mountable right from the machine. Browse Disks opens on a hub, "What do you want to do?": play a game (1,344), music & art (213), educate & learn (447), utilities & work (204), demos, go online, or the whole shelf by machine (1,433 GS titles, 997 8-bit) and A to Z. The GS side is built on the collection curated at What is the Apple IIGS?, credited on every entry. Total Replay streams directly from its own GitHub release, so its 519 8-bit titles ride along as their own rows, always the latest version. The 170 MECC products list the same way, one row each, tagged MC, booting the MECC menu volume they live on. The 980 programs inside the other What is the Apple IIGS? collection volumes (8-bit Games, System 6.0.4 and Free Games, Communications, the education, productivity, audio, hardware and demo disks) are rows too, tagged HD; mounting the one volume mounts every title on it and its menu or the Finder starts the one you picked. An 8-bit Apple sees only what it can run. Don't take our word for it: browse the live index in the card's own interface, right in your browser, same keys and all.
Half the rows are disk images of their own; the other half are programs inside a larger collection image, listed by their real title so search finds them. The marks on the right say which is which and what Return does.
GS titles (1,417) need a IIGS. 8-bit titles (896) run on any Apple II, and that is all a //e lists. The 8-bit Games volume is GS-only despite the name: its games are 8-bit, but the volume boots GS/OS. Total Replay is the 8-bit copy of those games. Everything on the catalog is read-only; programs run, saves need a writable copy on your own share. The owner's manual, chapter 5, has the long form.
Your own disk images, music, and pictures work the same way. Run the CoGS Image and Audio Manager on a Mac (v1.6; Windows and Linux planned), point it at one library folder, subfolders and all, and click Start Sharing. Every CoGS card on the LAN can scan for the share from the Image/Audio Source page and browse it like the a2cogs catalog: bootable tags from real boot-block probing, search, full read/write on disks, Browse Audio for the music, Browse Pictures for the art.
Your folders become categories on the Apple. Mark a folder with the purple ][ chip in the sidebar (every top-level folder starts marked), give it a label if you like, and press Y on any Browse hub: the card lists your share as "Your source" with one numbered row per folder and its count, then All A-Z and Find by name. A folder of GS games, a folder of 8-bit games, a folder for the kids: that is the menu. The Mac side shows the folder tree, a Folder column, a per-row activity light while the card reads or writes, Show in Finder, and a dated Snapshot of any disk image before you let something write to it. Sidebar, Finder-style columns, IIGS and 8-BIT themes, and a headless cogs-share command line for a Mac in a closet. If the Mac picks up a new address, the card notices on the first fetch and S rescans the LAN.
What it unlocks
With a secure link to the modern web and a co-processor on board, the question stops being “can it?” and starts being “what will you build?” A couple of these are ours to finish; the rest are possibilities, most of them yours to write.
GS-LLM, our streaming LLM chat client, plus room for an AI dungeon master for text adventures, on-the-fly translation, or a button that summarizes any web page to the screen.
Weather, stock tickers, sports scores, headlines, transit times — pulled fresh from real APIs into a desk accessory.
Email over genuine TLS, IRC and chat bridges, a Mastodon client, an RSS reader. The GS back on the live network.
GS-Miner, our Bitcoin miner getting the hardware nonce scanner, plus hashing utilities and a password vault seeded by true randomness.
Pull files and updates from a web server or GitHub, back up to the cloud, and mount or boot fresh disk images straight off the network — no copying to local storage first.
The same CDA plays SoundSmith songs, the PCM shelf, and internet radio through the Ensoniq (Tool219 and Petar Puskarich’s Tool226), and shows 1,016 box covers and title screens. The Mac Image and Audio Manager shares your own disks, music, and pictures from one URL.
The Game Room pairs two players and relays their moves, with a leaderboard per game. Milestones 2000 is the first title on it. Daily shared puzzles delivered over the wire are still yours to write.
TOTP two-factor codes (the card keeps real time), signed requests, and downloads that are certificate-checked on the card.
It is a slot card with an HTTPS pipe and a toolbox. This community has always done the rest. Possibilities are endless.
For developers
CoGS is not a black box. The building blocks are open: a documented protocol that runs over the slot, plus client code so your program can open a connection, fetch over HTTPS, hash data, or pull true randomness in a few calls. Call it an API if you like, but the point is the opposite of a cloud service you rent. The card is right there in the machine, and it is yours.
Develop without the hardware. A virtual CoGS card runs inside the Ample emulator (and MAME), so you can write and test apps with no card on your desk. It links the same firmware core the real card runs, with live networking through your Mac (DNS, TCP, HTTP, JSON) and a LAN bridge so Marinetti and IP65 software reach the real network. One command sets it up, and the same binary then runs on real hardware. TLS and HTTPS happen on the card’s crypto, so in the emulator use plain HTTP or a local TLS proxy.
A mark we want to offer for software built to use the card, so apps that light up your Apple II with modern powers are easy to spot. The seed of a full suite of modern Apple II software, written by the community, running on the machine itself.
The constraint
We mean it as an engineering constraint, not a slogan.
CoGS refuses to become the brain. It would be easy, and wrong, to build a card that runs the program on its own fast processor and hands the Apple II a finished picture. That is not an Apple II anymore. That is a modern computer in a beige case.
CoGS is a co-processor. It does only the work the machine genuinely cannot: it terminates TLS, it hashes, it makes true randomness, it walks JSON, it grinds nonces. In every case the Apple II decides what to ask for, runs the program, and owns the screen and the user. The card is a tool on the bench, not a hand on the wheel.
The story
It began with building things for these machines: a Bitcoin miner, then a modern LLM chat client for the Apple IIGS. Each one ran into the same wall: the modern internet's cryptography simply can't run on a 1 MHz 6502 or a 2.8 MHz 65816. There are already good answers to that. Some run the real program on another computer and leave the Apple as a terminal. Others, like the excellent FujiNet, put a dedicated device on the disk port that has been terminating TLS for vintage machines for years, with the Apple still running the show. Offloading the hard cryptography is the right idea, and CoGS stands squarely on that prior art. What I wanted was a different shape for it: not a helper beside the machine but a true card inside a slot — bus-native, mapped right into the machine so the program can call it in a few register writes. The Apple still owns the program, the screen, and every decision. The card just does the parts the silicon of 1986 never could.
What made it feasible was modern tooling. Designing the protocol, writing the firmware, and bringing up the clients with AI-assisted development in Cursor turned what would once have been years into an iterative, almost playful loop — sketch an idea in the morning, have it answering on real silicon by the afternoon. That speed is the point: it unlocks the imagination to actually ship working software for a forty-year-old computer.
So much of the hard groundwork was already laid by this community — the bus interface, the TCP/IP stacks, the toolchains — that the next step felt obvious: build one card that drops into any slotted Apple, with a whole suite of capability on board, to empower the next wave of software and keep our favorite computers alive long into the 21st century (and beyond).
Built on shoulders
The open bus-interface platform: concept by Glenn Jones and Oliver Schmidt, firmware by Oliver Schmidt, hardware by Ralle Palaveev — the genuinely hard part of meeting Apple II slot timing. CoGS builds directly on it.
Has terminated TLS and served HTTPS and JSON on vintage machines for years over the SmartPort bus. Its JSON device directly inspired JSON_GET, and the same A2Pico carrier CoGS builds on can host FujiNet too with softSP. Prior art we respect, and partly share a platform with.
Marinetti, ORCA/C, and Golden Gate keep the IIGS programmable in 2026. CoGS bridges into the Marinetti ecosystem so existing software just works.
The curated IIGS disk-image collection the a2cogs index is built on. The definitive GS library, curated by Alex Lee since 1996, rebuilt and rehosted at whatisthe2gs.com.
The 8-bit arcade collection the card streams directly from its own GitHub release, always the latest version, each of its 519 titles a row of its own, with its box art and title screens on the pictures shelf.
Antoine Vignau and Brutal Deluxe, whose PicViewer and IIGS tooling is the reference the picture path was built against. Petar Puskarich, whose Tool225 Ensoniq streamer is the basis of Tool226, used with permission.
It runs on the CoGS card and on any A2Pico-family board fitted with a Raspberry Pi Pico 2 W. The protocol lives in a written spec that the firmware follows, including the SmartPort/ProDOS block layer for network disks, with docs that walk through how it all works. I'm planning to release the source, spec, and clients on GitHub soon, free for personal use. Commercial use, including selling boards with CoGS installed, is licensed separately; write to [email protected].
cd firmware && cmake -B build -G Ninja \
-DPICO_BOARD=pico2_w -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
cmake --build build # -> cogs.uf2The CoGS card
The card is $79 plus shipping at Joe's Computer Museum and MacEffects. If a shop is out of stock, you may be able to place a pre-order or sign up for a notification directly from them.
How can I get one?
$79 plus shipping. Wi-Fi and wired Ethernet on one board. The card arrives flashed; later versions come from About / Update in the CoGS menu.
The card
The software
CoGS Card $79 at JCM and MacEffects · Wi-Fi + Ethernet · arrives flashed Firmware on the card · updates over the air Manuals Owner's Manual and Technical Reference · PDF or online Bootable GS disk cogsall.2mg · or boot it from Featured Where to buy JCM and MacEffects · check the reseller for international shipping Image Manager and link layer share your own disk folders · Marinetti on the cardCards with CoGS installed come from authorized resellers. Interested in offering one? Write to me.
Source release on GitHub is planned soon, free for personal use. The disk, link layer, and Image Manager are up now.
If a shop is out of stock, sign up and I'll email you when the next batch is ready.